"Understanding blood groups and the process of blood transfusion is crucial in the field of medicine. Blood groups, classified by Karl Landsteiner in 1900, are determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These groups—A, B, AB, and O—play a vital role in blood transfusions, ensuring compatibility between donors and recipients. Additionally, the Rh factor, discovered in the Rhesus monkey, adds another layer of complexity to blood compatibility. This chapter delves into the intricacies of blood groups, transfusion compatibility, and the significance of the Rh factor in ensuring successful blood transfusions."
Blood Groups and transfusions are part of Blood Circulatory System.
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| Blood Groups & Transfusions |
1. Blood
Blood has been classified by Karl Landsteiner in 1900 into four groups based on the antigens they produce. Antigens are complex chemical substances found on the surface of RBCs.
1.1 Blood Groups:
- Group A: Antigen A on RBCs
- Group B: Antigen B on RBCs
- Group AB: Antigens A and B on RBCs
- Group O: No antigens on RBCs
1.2 Blood Transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of transfusing healthy blood from a donor to an injured person or someone in need of blood.
Terms:
- Donor: Person who gives blood.
- Recipient/Receiver: Person who receives blood.
Compatibility:
- Blood must be compatible for transfusion.
- Blood groups with antigens not present in the recipient's blood can cause clotting and death.
Transfusion Compatibility:
- People with blood group A can donate to or receive from people with blood group A.
- People with blood group AB can receive blood from all groups and are called universal recipients.
- People with blood group O can donate to all and are called universal donors.
2.3 Rh Factor (Rhesus Factor)
The Rh factor is another important factor in blood compatibility, discovered in the Rhesus monkey. There are two types: Rh-positive (Rh+) and Rh-negative (Rh-). Donors and recipients must be compatible for the Rh factor.
Questions and Answers
1. How did Karl Landsteiner classify blood?
2. What are the four blood groups based on Landsteiner's classification?
3. What is blood transfusion?
4. Who is a donor?
5. Who is a recipient/receiver?
Fill in the Blanks
1. Karl Landsteiner classified blood into ________ groups.
2. People with blood group AB are called ________ recipients.
3. People with blood group O are called ________ donors.
4. The Rh factor is named after the ________ monkey.
5. Rh-positive people have the Rh ________.
Match the Following
1. Group A - Antigen A on RBCs.
2. Group B - Antigen B on RBCs.
3. Group AB - Antigens A and B on RBCs.
4. Group O - No antigens on RBCs.
5. Rh-positive - Possess Rh antigens.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Who discovered the Rh factor?
A) Karl Landsteiner
B) Rhesus monkey
C) Albert Einstein
D) None of the above
2. Which blood group is considered the universal recipient?
A) Group A
B) Group B
C) Group AB
D) Group O
3. What is the main difference between Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood?
A) Presence of antigens
B) Color of blood
C) Compatibility for donation
D) None of the above
4. Why is it important for blood transfusion to be compatible?
A) To prevent clotting
B) To ensure the safety of the recipient
C) To avoid allergic reactions
D) All of the above
5. What happens if a person receives blood with antigens not present in their blood?
A) Clotting of blood vessels
B) Increased blood pressure
C) Improved immune response
D) None of the above
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